You can chain selectors in multiple of ways possible:

page.locator('//div//p').get_by_text("some text").locator('xpath=../div').locator('id=checkbox')

page.get_by_role("combobox", name="Classification LevelRequired asterisk").locator('xpath=../..')

XPath alternative:

page.locator("xpath=//div//p[contains(text(),'$')]/../div//[@id='checkbox']")